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دليل المواد | الهندسة الكيميائية

المواد الأساسية

المواد الاختيارية

CHE
211

Course Number:
0640211
Basic concepts of material and energy balances, combined material and energy balances, balances on non-reactive and reactive processes, application of material and energy balances to unit operations.
(3-0-3)
Corequisites:
0420208

CHE
241

Course Number:
0640241
Fluid properties, fluid statics, kinematics, fluid dynamics including mass, energy and momentum equations, dimensional analysis, laminar flow, turbulent flow and its applications, forces on immersed bodies, turbo-machines.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0430102
Corequisites:
0410211,0410240

CHE
242

Course Number:
0640242
Laboratory experiments on fluid flow in pipes (flow measurement, friction and pressure drop), fluid properties, valves and pumps characteristics.
(0-3-1)
Prerequisites:
0640241

CHE
291

Course Number:
0640291
Structure of different kinds of chemical processes flow diagrams, basics of generating chemical process alternatives, chemical process descriptions, simultaneous material and energy balances using spreadsheet, symbolic programs and process simulators, manufacturing costs, impact of chemical engineering on society.
(3-3-3)
Prerequisites:
0600104,0640211

CHE
302

Course Number:
0640302
Structure of the chemical industry, oil refinery, crude distillation, synthesis gas, bulk chemicals, catalytic reactors, polymers, biotechnology, process development.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
Completion of 45 Credit hours and Non-Chemical Engineering Students

CHE
304

Course Number:
0640304
Environment and ecosystem, health issues, measures of water and air quality, water treatment, meteorology, air emission and treatment, solid waste, hazardous waste, engineering decision.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
Completion of 45 Credit hours

CHE
314

Course Number:
0640314
Fundamentals of Engineering materials, material-oriented problems, relationships between the microscopic and macroscopic properties of matter, use of atomistic models to explain and predict the behavior of solids and liquids.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0640291

CHE
321

Course Number:
0640321
Thermodynamic properties of homogeneous mixtures, partial molal properties, fugacity, ideal and non-ideal solutions, heat effects of mixing, excess properties, phase equilibrium, miscible systems, activity coefficient, Gibbs-Duhem Equations, chemical reactions equilibrium.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0600208,0420217

CHE
324

Course Number:
0640324
Fundamentals of chemical reaction kinetics. Analysis and design of batch, plug-flow and continuous stirred tank reactors. Reactor in series and in parallel. Conversion, rate Laws, stoichiometry for single and multiple reactions. Kinetics of isothermal and non-isothermal ideal reactors.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0420269,(0600307 or 0600308),0640321
Corequisites:
0640291

CHE
327

Course Number:
0640327
Theories and principles of corrosion and prevention, localized corrosion, pitting, crevice corrosion, cavitation, metallurgical factors, welding problems, material selection, stress corrosion, cracking corrosion, fatigue, inspection, nondestructive testing, water treatment for boilers and condensers, chemical cleaning flue gas attack, corrosion testing evaluation and simulation, corrosion monitoring and cathode protection.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
Completion of 90 Credit hours

CHE
343

Course Number:
0640343
The Heat Transfer course requires that students apply their knowledge of mathematics and science to real thermal engineering systems. In this course, an expansion of students engineering skills, developed in thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, is undertaken. Students are required to identify, formulate and solve thermal problems using a combination of mass and energy balances and energy rate equations. The course combines analytical techniques and design principles as applied to thermal systems. The students will have a full understanding of conduction, convection, radiation, condensation and boiling heat transfer and will be able to design a heat exchanger system.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0410240,0600208,0640241

CHE
344

Course Number:
0640344
Laboratory experiments on conduction, convection, radiation, dropwise and film condensation, nucleate and film boiling, and heat exchangers.
(0-3-1)
Prerequisites:
0640242,0640343,9988221

CHE
345

Course Number:
0640345
Molecular mass transport in fluids, transport phenomena and the basic equation of change, molecular mass transport in liquids, mass transport phenomena in solids, mass transfer coefficient in laminar and turbulent flow, interphase mass transport, continuous two-phase mass transport.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0600307 or 0600308,0640211,0640343

CHE
346

Course Number:
0640346
Derivation of general transport equations for momentum, heat and mass transfer, application and simplification of general equations to analysis of simple transfer operations, volume and time averaging of general equations, gas absorption, design of a gas absorption column.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0640291,0640343

CHE
351

Course Number:
0640351
Mathematical tools (linearization, Laplace transforms and block diagram algebra), process dynamics (first, second and higher orders), open loop and closed loop responses, and control valves, PID controller design, tuning and stability.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0640324,0640343

CHE
352

Course Number:
0640352
Laboratory experiments demonstrating the principles covered in 0640351, these include temperature, pressure, flow and concentration measuring devices, and process control simulation for typical chemical plants.
(0-3-1)
Prerequisites:
0600207,0640351

CHE
353

Course Number:
0640353
Development and solution of mathematical models of chemical engineering systems with emphasis on physical and chemical processes, topics covered: Model development including different transport mechanisms, types of process models, application of numerical techniques.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0600307 or 0600308
Corequisites:
0640343

CHE
393

Course Number:
0640393
This course provides students with essential knowledge that they will subsequently apply in their capstone design course, description of the chemical process industries, product design, process creation, process assessment (health and safety, environmental protection, economic aspects), management of engineering projects, preparation of the design report, process heuristics, separation trees, pinch technology, heat exchanger networks, HAZOP.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0600209,0640291,0640324,0640345

CHE
428

Course Number:
0640428
Factors affecting choice of catalytic reactors. Pressure drop in packed bed reactors.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0640324,0640345

CHE
437

Course Number:
0640437
An introduction to liquid and gas chromatography, partition chromatography, gas chromatography apparatus, plate and rate theory of chromatography, resolution and efficiency, capillary column, temperature programming, high performance liquid chromatography.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0640345

CHE
440

Course Number:
0640440
The course begins with a general analysis of the concepts of binary and multicomponent separation processes in chemical engineering, it then covers analysis of equilibrium conditions, and thermodynamic equilibrium in ideal and non-ideal systems, the separation processes discussed are distillation (flash, batch, steam and multi-component), solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extractions, absorption, adsorption, and cooling towers
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0640345

CHE
443

Course Number:
0640443
A laboratory course in mass transfer operations covering experiments on: distillation, leaching, vapor-liquid equilibrium, double-effect evaporator, cooling tower, absorption, and spray drying.
(0-3-1)
Prerequisites:
0640344,0640440

CHE
444

Course Number:
0640444
Characterization of solid particles and their classification, solid-liquid systems consisting of flow past a cylinder and sphere and flow of fluids through porous media, detailed study of sedimentation and fluidization phenomenon and their applications in the industry, filtration theory and practice, and filtration equipment, gas cleaning equipment, and centrifugal separations.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0640241

CHE
449

Course Number:
0640449
Equilibrium and flash calculations for multi-component systems, selection of separation processes, approximate methods for multi component multistage separations, exact methods for computation of multistage separations, energy requirements evolutionary and heuristic techniques for distillation columns synthesis, heat integrated columns, extractive distillation.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0640440

CHE
452

Course Number:
0640452
Introduction to simulation techniques in chemical engineering, development and solution of mathematical models for a variety of processes through the application of chemical engineering fundamentals, analytical and numerical solutions, computer simulation, principles of simulator structure, data banks, use of industrial simulator.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
(0600307 or 0600308),0640343

CHE
457

Course Number:
0640457
Introduction to problem structure and decomposition, functions and regions, single variable functions, multivariable functions, linear programming, geometric programming, dynamic programming.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
(0600307 or 0600308)

CHE
461

Course Number:
0640461
The course covers the basic concept of water desalination and combines water chemistry, scaling, corrosion, heat transfer principles, material behavior, and design principles as applied to desalination processes. Attention is given to the thermal (flash, vapor compression) and non-thermal (reverse-osmosis, electro-dialysis) desalination techniques, water properties and quality criteria and standards as well as corrosion behavior and its control in desalination plants will be discussed.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0640343

CHE
462

Course Number:
0640462
Basics of enzyme kinetics and immobilization, basics of cell kinetics and cultivation, design of a simple enzyme reactor and a fermenter, methods of sterilization, downstream processes including purification and recovery.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0640324

CHE
463

Course Number:
0640463
Characterization of industrial wastes, petroleum refinery wastes, treatment processes, solid-liquid separation, ion exchange, adsorption, biological treatments, reverse osmosis, economics, regulations, moral, legal and social implications.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
Completion of 90 Credit hours

CHE
465

Course Number:
0640465
Sources, measurements and equipment design for removal of air pollutants, effects of air pollutants, dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere, particulate matter and its control equipment, atmospheric photochemical reactions, instrumentation and emission testing equipment.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
Completion of 90 Credit hours

CHE
471

Course Number:
0640471
Characterization of natural gas systems, properties of natural gas systems, product specification, qualitative phase behavior, retrograde condensation, calculation of vapor-liquid equilibria and applications, design of multistage separation, water-hydrocarbon system-dehydration, overview of sweetening, gas preparation and liquefaction.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0640321,0640345

CHE
472

Course Number:
0640472
Refinery organization, refinery feed stocks and products, crude distillation, cracking and reforming, hydrotreating, alkylation, lubricating oils production, petroleum gases, hydro processing, product blending, environmental constraints on refinery products, term project using actual refinery data to be utilized for typical design calculation on the above operations.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0420269,0640440

CHE
473

Course Number:
0640473
Structure and physical properties of polymers, polymer solutions, analysis and testing of polymers, measurement of molecular weight, types of polymerization reactions, manufacture of polymers, process type of reactors, polymer processing, plastics, elastomers, properties of commercial polymers, thermoplastics and thermosetting resins.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0420269

CHE
474

Course Number:
0640474
Petroleum chemistry, occurrence, composition of crude oil, distillation, catalytic and thermal cracking, alkylation, hydrogenation, isomerization, polymerization, techniques and economics of the production of basic and intermediate petrochemicals as well as some end products.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0420269,0640211

CHE
475

Course Number:
0640475
Basic process principles, amine processes, carbonate processes, physical absorption methods, new amine-type processes, solid bed sweetening, liquid sweetening, sulfur production, tail gas conditioning.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0640321,0640345

CHE
478

Course Number:
0640478
Refrigeration systems, natural gas preparation and liquefaction, thermodynamic aspects of liquefaction, liquefaction plants, properties of LNG, vaporization losses and custody transfer.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0640321

CHE
479

Course Number:
0640479
Fundamentals of Rheology, polymer processing unit operations, basic principles of continuum mechanics, descriptive and analytical presentation of non-Newtonian fluid behavior, derive fundamental equations of viscometry, using extrusion as a prototype unit operation for showing how to synthesize design equations, models for other operations
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
(0600307 or 0600308),0640242

CHE
481

Course Number:
0640481
Introduction, mathematical modeling, classification of models, model construction, decision making, linear programming (LP), formulations of LP, graphical solution for two-variable problems, algebraic solutions, the simplex method, sensitivity analysis, advanced topics in linear programming, Applications and case studies.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0600307 or 0600308

CHE
482

Course Number:
0640482
Introduction, preventing emergencies in the process industry, human error, identification and assessment of hazards, fires and explosions, hazard of plant modification, case studies in Kuwait, miscellaneous topics to be covered by invited lecturers.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
Completion of 80 Credit hours

CHE
484

Course Number:
0640484
Special topics to be selected by the department to address special areas of chemical engineering applications.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
Completion of 100 Credit hours and Consent of Department

CHE
491

Course Number:
0640491
The capstone Chemical Engineering design course is run as a workshop in which small groups of students apply previously learned knowledge to design and cost a typical chemical plant, the exercise, which simulates real-life experience, involves the following elements: process selection, synthesis, screening of alternatives, safety and environmental issues, construction of a detailed flow sheet using a chemical process simulator, material and energy balances, conservation of material and energy flows, detailed design of equipment: size, construction details, materials of construction, instrumentation and control, process economics: capital cost estimation, manufacturing cost estimation, profit forecast, return on investment.
(1-6-3)
Prerequisites:
0640351,0640391,0640440

CHE
493

Course Number:
0640493
High pressure vessels, cylindrical vessels, spherical vessels, methods of fabrication, materials of construction, reasons for vessel failure, thin tanks, design of closures, tall vertical vessels, self-supported and guyed vessels, flanges, gaskets, pump and compressor selection, heat exchangers.
(3-0-3)
Prerequisites:
0640345

CHE
495

Course Number:
0640495
The student undertakes an independent project (theoretical and/or experimental) under the supervision of a faculty advisor, the objective is to provide the student with an opportunity to integrate and apply the knowledge gained throughout his courses in an actual problem, the student must document his study in a technical report and give an oral presentation.
(0-9-3)
Prerequisites:
Completion of 100 Credit hours and Consent of Department,minimum GPA of 3.0

CHE
511

Course Number:
0640511
First order differential equation. Partial differential equations. Laplace transforms. Fourier transform. Separation of variables. Similarity solution. Pertubation analysis. Polynomial approximation. Non-linear regression. Multiple regression. Introduction to neural networks.
(3-0-3)

CHE
512

Course Number:
0640512
This objective of this course is to give students a good grounding in fluidization technology, which is widely employed in the petrochemical and other industry sectors. Topics to be covered include: basics of fluidization; types of fluidized bed (e.g. dense-phase, fast-fluidized beds, three-phase beds, etc.); industrial applications; gas distributors - their importance and design; gas cleaning equipment, e.g. cyclones, bag filters, etc., bubble mechanics; heat and mass transfer; modelling and design.
(3-0-3)

CHE
513

Course Number:
0640513
Background to the food industry, food-processing operations; brief descriptions of relevant food chemistry and microbiology; heat-treatment operations; sterilization and pasteurization (retorting); UHT processing; refrigeration; and a description of food processing sectors relevant to Kuwait (e.g. milling and baking).
(3-0-3)

CHE
521

Course Number:
0640521
Review of first second and third laws of thermodynamics. Applications of the first and second laws. Fundamental equations and thermodynamic relations. Gibbs-Duhem equation. Partial molar quantities. Equations of state and fugacity calculations. Thermodynamic departure quantities. Intermolecular forces and property estimations. Phase equilibrium calculations. Chemical reaction equilibrium and effects of temperature and pressure on reaction conversions. Statistical thermodynamics and partition functions. Use of statistical thermodynamics in estimating thermodynamic properties.
(3-0-3)

CHE
522

Course Number:
0640522
Effect of temperature, pressure and mixing patterns on conversion and product distribution in complex homogeneous reactions. Theoretical models for non-ideal flow and fluid mixing.
(3-0-3)

CHE
540

Course Number:
0640540
History of artificial intelligence. Expert system knowledge, computing and manipulation of knowledge. Proces applications of expert systems such as the co-operate intelligence network, production management and supervision including setpoint optimization, process sequencing and production recipes. Process control applications in intelligent operator interface, predictive control and fuzzy control. Applications in safety systems and alarm management.
(3-0-3)

CHE
541

Course Number:
0640541
Different patterns of flow: in an annulus, two immescible fluids, creeping. Equation of continuity, of motion and of change. Velocity distribution in turbulent flow. Time smoothed equations, eddy viscosity and friction factors for different flows. Fluidized bed hydrodynamics. Turbulance theory and applications to mixing.
(3-0-3)

CHE
543

Course Number:
0640543
Correlations of heat transfer coefficient. Unsteady and two dimensional conduction: analytical solution compared to numerical techniques and where each method fits. Thermal boundary-layers flow and temperature distribution in turbulent flows. Application of different numerical techniques in fluid flow-heat transfer problems. Introduction to some topics in radiation. Two phase heat transfer case study for design.
(3-0-3)

CHE
544

Course Number:
0640544
Models for diffusion and dispersion. Mass transfer with chemical reactions. Simultaneous heat and mass transfer. Modelling of absorption, extraction and adsorption systems. Energy requirements for operations. Synthesis of separation sequences.
(3-0-3)

CHE
545

Course Number:
0640545
Principles of molecular diffusion and measurement and characteristics of diffusion coefficient. Flow field induced by mass transfer. Heat and mass transfer in absence of a flow field. Flow field induced by body forces or external forces, finite difference solution of transport problems. Moving boundary problems.
(3-0-3)

CHE
551

Course Number:
0640551
Dispersion models of pollutants in the atmosphere. Particulate matter and design of control equipment. Gaseous pollutants and design of control equipment. Atmospheric photochemical reactions. Instrumentation, measurement and emission testing equipment. Air pollution packages. Application.
(3-0-3)

CHE
552

Course Number:
0640552
Concept of clean technologies with minimal emissions. Concept of waste minimization and its applications in process design. Waste reduction technologies such as in-plant modifications, recycle, recovery and re-use and waste exchange. Case studies will include examples from petroleum refining, petrochemical and chemical industries.
(3-0-3)

CHE
553

Course Number:
0640553
Introduction to Computer Aided Design (CAD). Chemical Engineering Simulation Systems (CHESS). Flow sheet synthesis. Distillation column simulators (Distill). Absorption, extraction and distillation simulators (ABDIS). Workshop problems.
(3-0-3)

CHE
555

Course Number:
0640555
Mathematical principles of process dynamics and control. Derivation and solution of differential equations describing the behaviour of typical chemical engineering process units. Mathematical analysis and design of control systems. Digital and sampled data control systems.
(3-0-3)

CHE
557

Course Number:
0640557
Application of chemical engineering principles to selected operations encountered in industrial waste water treatment. The course highlights the removal of suspended solids biological treatment, and chemical treatment methods.
(3-0-3)

CHE
561

Course Number:
0640561
Development of desalination technology. Basic principles of desalination. Theory and practice of the following desalination plants: Multistage flash distillation, multiple effect boiling, Reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, solar distillation, freezing. Dual-purpose desalination plants. Main problems in desalination (e.g. scale formations and corrosion). Cost considerations, comparative studies of some desalination plants.
(3-0-3)

CHE
562

Course Number:
0640562
Gas-liquid systems, solid-liquid systems, homogeneous slurries, heterogeneous slurries, long distance transportation in pipelines, gas-solid pneumatic transportation. Complex flow systems. Modelling and computational aid in multiphase flow.
(3-0-3)

CHE
563

Course Number:
0640563
Layout of local petroleum industry, phase equilibria concepts, water-hydrocarbon systems, hydrate formation, amine treatment, carbonate treatment, liquifaction, liquids recovery.
(3-0-3)

CHE
565

Course Number:
0640565
Advanced treatment of corrosion engineering with emphasis on industrial local problems. Atmospheric and seawater corrosion. Cathodic and anodic protection. Corrosion: Protection and inhibition.
(3-0-3)

CHE
566

Course Number:
0640566
This course focuses on the design and modeling of various types of catalytic reactors used in Petroleum Refining Industry. Emphasis will be focused on the following refining operations: Catalytic cracking, catalytic hydrocracking, catalytic hydrotreating, catalytic reforming, catalytic isomerization, catalytic alkylation, and catalytic polymerization.
(3-0-3)

CHE
567

Course Number:
0640567
Types of membrane separation processes. Gas permeation in a membrane. Dialysis. Reverse osmosis. Ultrafiltration membrane process. Gel permeation chromatography. Membrane manufacture. Membrane physical and chemical properties.
(3-0-3)

CHE
569

Course Number:
0640569
An upper division of graduate technical elective treating topics in Engineering mostly not covered in other courses, chosen at the discretion of the Graduate Program Committee.
(3-0-3)

CHE
570

Course Number:
0640570
Introduction to statistical mechanical theories. Borownian motion. Dynamics of flexible polymers in ideal solutions. Multichain systems. Visoelasticity theories. Dynamic of a Polymer in a fixed network. Ridged rodlike polymers in ideal solutions. Ridged rodlike polymers in semidilute solutions. Ridged rodlike polymers in concentrated solutions.
(3-0-3)

CHE
571

Course Number:
0640571
Thermodynamics and energy conservation, energy and separation processes, optimization of heat exchanger systems, thermally coupled distillation systems, heat pumps, hybrid desalination systems, economic analysis of technical solution to energy conservation problems, term paper.
(3-0-3)

CHE
572

Course Number:
0640572
Refinery configurations. Characterizations of crude oils and products. Coking. Catalytic cracking. Catalytic hydrocracking. Hydroprocessing and Hydrotreating. Reforming. Product blending. Computer simulation of refinery processes.
(3-0-3)

CHE
574

Course Number:
0640574
Estimation procedures for properties of gases and liquids. Critical properties PVT, heat capacities. Thermodynamic properties, vapor pressure, surface tension, viscosities, thermal conductivities and diffusion coefficients. Application to industrial problems.
(3-0-3)

CHE
575

Course Number:
0640575
Essence of the problem. Thermodynamics of phase equilibrium. Fugacity calculation of thermodynamic properties of fluids using equation of state. Intermolecular forces and theory of corresponding states. Property changes on mixing phase rule. Gibbs Duhem equation. Fundamental equations of, calculation of vapor liquid, liquid- liquid-solubility stability. Application and impact of data precision on design.
(3-0-3)

CHE
577

Course Number:
0640577
An upper division of graduate technical elective treating topics in mostly not covered in other courses, chosen at the discretion of the Graduate Program Committee.
(3-0-3)

CHE
579

Course Number:
0640579
Selected topics in Petrochemical Engineering. Production of alcohols, ethers, aromatics, ethylene, propylene and glycols. Computer simulation of one of the above topics.
(3-0-3)

CHE
581

Course Number:
0640581
The project cycle. Financial statements and ration analysis. Discounted cash flow analysis. Decision rules for single and multiple alternatives. Inflation and currency issues. Rate of return and leverage. Cost/benefit analysis. Cost estimation. Sensitivity analysis and risk management. Monte Carlo simulation and decision tree analysis. Market assessment and forecasting. Supply and demand analysis. Project and case studies.
(3-0-3)

CHE
582

Course Number:
0640582
This course surveys basic computational tools and theory for solving linear and nonlinear optimization problems. The value of these tools will be illustrated on applications including chemical plant design, process operations and scheduling, and parameter estimation. A main goal of the course is to introduce students to the philosophy underlying optimization and the tools necessary to implement this philosophy. A large variety of examples show the wide applicability of optimization methodology.
(3-0-3)

CHE
583

Course Number:
0640583
R&D environment. R&D communication and virtual teams. Integration of R&D into corporate strategy. Developing corporate competence area. Managing competence. Technology acquisition and transfer. Approaches to developing new business areas and management of change. Internal development, licensing, joint ventures, alliances, venture capital and acquisitions.
(3-0-3)

CHE
584

Course Number:
0640584
The concept of technical analysis. Dow theory and behavioral finance. Cycle theory and applications. The long wave and technological issues. Business and market cycles. Elliot wave theory. Fibonacci numbers and applications. Pattern recognition and time series identification. Input/output models and multivariable modelling. Neural networks and applications. Detrending techniques. Oscillators and market timing. Statistical analysis applied to investment management.
(3-0-3)

CHE
590

Course Number:
0640590
An upper division of graduate technical elective treating topics in Engineering mostly not covered in other courses, chosen at the discretion of the Graduate Program Committee.
(3-0-3)

CHE
591

Course Number:
0640591
An upper division of graduate technical elective treating topics in Engineering mostly not covered in other courses, chosen at the discretion of the Graduate Program Committee.
(3-0-3)

CHE
593

Course Number:
0640593
Project course for non-thesis students.
(3-0-3)

CHE
595

Course Number:
0640595
An upper division of graduate technical elective treating topics in Engineering mostly not covered in other courses, chosen at the discretion of the Graduate Program Committee.
(3-0-3)